Echocardiography Techniques II Exam 1 Practice

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What advantage does 3D color Doppler offer in quantifying mitral regurgitation?
• Which condition is described by bright echoes with diastolic doming of the AML and LAE?
• What is a common limitation of 3D echocardiography in routine practice?
• Doppler spectral display is primarily used to assess which two aspects of flow?
• In the Doppler frequency shift equation Δf = 2 f v cos(θ) / c, what does θ represent?
• In color Doppler imaging, dark blue to lighter blue hues indicate flow moving away from the transducer.
• Transesophageal echocardiography best visualizes which posterior cardiac structures?
• Change in velocity profile when entering into a vessel of reduced diameter (decrease in area=increase in velocity).
• What is the normal range of left atrial (LA) size?
• What is the normal systolic pressure of the left ventricle?
• What is the formula used to estimate PASP from the TR jet?
• LA volume index in diastolic function assessment?
• 3D echocardiography yields more accurate LV volumes and EF than 2D Simpson under what condition?
• Typical signs of restrictive cardiomyopathy on echo?
• What is the normal LV posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWd)?
• Which of the following sets lists the causes of systolic flow disturbances?
• Which of the following is NOT a determinant of resistance to flow?
• As flow velocity increases, how does Doppler shift change?
• Which Doppler parameter represents the displacement of blood during a cardiac cycle and is derived from integrating velocity over time?
• What is the normal systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery?
• Random and chaotic forward flow; found beyond an obstruction or plaque.
• What is the normal systolic pressure of the aorta?
• What is the normal right ventricular internal diameter in diastole (RVIDd)?
• Dilated LV with poorly contracting septal and posterior walls, poor EF% (normal is 55-70%), thin walls; etiologies include coronary heart disease, heart attack, HTN, diabetes, thyroid disease, viral Hepatitis, HIV, and alcohol.
• What are the primary indications and limitations that distinguish transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)?
• What is the formula used in the PISA method for MR to compute the EROA and regurgitant volume?
• Paradoxical wall motion is best described as walls moving in which direction?
• What are the common applications and limitations of right ventricular strain imaging?
• What color indicates flow away from the transducer in the aortic view?
• Which principle is used to estimate pressure differences within the heart by measuring blood flow velocity?
• Differentiate pulsed-wave Doppler and continuous-wave Doppler in measuring valve velocities.
• What do S', E', and A' velocities measure in tissue Doppler imaging?
• In the AVA continuity equation, which velocity-time integral is used for the aortic jet?
• Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) method is used to quantify what aspect of valvular regurgitation?
• What is the normal left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVidd)?
• Which factor is a primary cause of increased velocity in a vessel with narrowed lumen?
• Aliasing occurs in Doppler spectra when which limit is exceeded?
• Diastolic function grade integration approach?
• Thick IVS with sparing of LVPW, along with SAM and ASH obstructing LVOT indicates which condition?
• P wave indicates ______
• Which type of laminar flow moves fastest in the center and slower toward the walls?
• Which parameter has a normal diastolic dimension within 3.8-5.8 cm?
• Vmax is converted to ______.
• In standard color Doppler mapping, which color indicates flow away from the transducer?
• Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) color flow direction is typically what?
• Role of echocardiography in the postoperative cardiac surgery patient?
• What are the limitations of planimetry for assessing MVA in MS?
• PW has range ______.
• T wave indicates ______
• How is agitated saline contrast used to detect intracardiac shunts?
• The more ______ to flow, the higher the velocity.
• How is pulmonary hypertension evaluated by echocardiography?
• What is the normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction?
• How do you differentiate true severe AS from pseudosevere AS in low-output states?
• An e/e' ratio greater than 14 is most consistent with which finding?
• What does EROA indicate in AR assessment?
• Vena contracta in AR assessment?
• Evaluation parameters for AS vs AR?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the aortic valve (AOV)?
• VTI calculates _____
• Pulsed Wave Doppler is used to measure velocity at a specific location within a vessel using a gate.
• In Doppler ultrasound, which quantity is primarily used to estimate flow velocity?
• VMax calculates ______
• In color Doppler imaging, red to yellow hues indicate flow moving toward the transducer.
• Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) color flow direction is typically what?
• Which description matches congestive heart failure due to the listed etiologies?
• What are safety considerations for ultrasound contrast?
• Blood flow depends on which four factors?
• What is the normal range of the aortic root (AOR) diameter?
• Mitral valve inflow color flow direction is typically what?
• Role of AVA by continuity equation in AS assessment?
• What are typical features of aortic root pathology on echocardiography?
• Which measurement is defined as the velocity from the start of the E wave to the peak of the A wave?
• Which parameter is abbreviated as VTI?
• Which imaging modality is best for evaluating the left atrial appendage for thrombus?
• Typical echo features of myocarditis?
• Which of the following sets lists the causes of diastolic flow disturbances?
• Which measurement has a normal range of 0.6-1 cm?
• In color Doppler imaging, which color represents flow away from the transducer in the aortic valve study?
• AV/PV opens at the _____ and closes at the _____
• What is the normal range of D-E excursion?
• Nyquist Limit is defined as half of which Doppler parameter?
• Which pairing correctly matches the color directions for aortic and pulmonary valve flows?
• Which left-sided diastolic sign is used in grading diastolic function?
• Which of the following is a contraindication to pharmacologic stress echocardiography?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the mitral valve (MV)?
• Velocity may increase due to ______, _______, ____, ______, _____.
• What is normal flow?
• What are key limitations of applying the PISA method to MR quantification?
• Explain the continuity equation for calculating AVA.
• To mitigate foreshortening due to poor apex visualization, what is recommended?
• What is the normal range of the aortic cross-sectional area (ACS) measurement?
• Ultrasound contrast is recommended in echocardiography when...
• Caused by an increase in LVEDP (>20mmHg); etiologies include MR and AR, EPSS shows LV dilation.
• Paradoxical wall motion describes walls moving in which direction?
• You only measure systole (baseline-peak-baseline) when finding ______ or mean velocity.
• What is the normal left atrial pressure range?
• What is the normal diastolic pressure of the aorta?
• How is right atrial pressure estimated using IVC diameter and collapsibility?
• PV/AoV stenosis look like on Doppler?
• Which Doppler technique is site-specific, steerable, and detects low-velocity flow?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the RVOT/pulmonary valve?
• Which term defines the resistance to the flow of a fluid?
• What is measured from the start of the E wave to the peak of the A wave?
• How is the Qp:Qs ratio estimated using Doppler-derived stroke volumes?
• In tissue Doppler imaging, which pairing of velocities correctly describes their corresponding motions?
• In the pulmonary valve view, which color indicates flow toward the transducer?
• Bright echoes with diastolic doming of the anterior mitral leaflet, anterior movement of the posterior mitral leaflet, LAE, decreased EF slope, and risk of atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, and thrombi are characteristic of which condition?
• What is the Nyquist limit, and how does aliasing occur in color Doppler?
• How is TAPSE measured?
• What is a key advantage of 3D echocardiography for assessing the mitral valve morphology prior to surgery?
• Which Doppler modality detects both low and high velocity flow, measures the entire beam, and has no gate?
• Strategies differentiate artifacts from true pathology?
• In tracing LV endocardial borders for the biplane Simpson method, which structures must be excluded from the endocardial border?
• What is the normal diastolic pressure of the left ventricle?
• Which artifact is commonly observed in transesophageal echocardiography?
• Which of the following is not a standard color Doppler flow direction term?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the tricuspid valve (TV)?
• PV/AoV regurgitation look like on Doppler?
• What is E/e' and its clinical significance?
• Right ventricular inflow tract (RVIT) color flow direction is typically what?
• What is the general phenomenon describing the change in frequency of a wave due to the relative motion between the source and observer?
• Which specialized ultrasound technique is used to assess myocardial motion and function?
• Which strategy is used to avoid aliasing in Doppler spectra?
• Left atrial dilation should prompt assessment for which condition?
• CW has range ______.
• Which valve has the highest normal peak velocity range?
• What is the density of blood?
• What is the mean left atrial pressure value mentioned?
• Which feature is most important to consider when estimating PASP from the TR jet?
• Which echocardiographic signs indicate pericardial effusion and possible tamponade?
• Doppler shift occurs due to motion of moving objects; which statement is accurate?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT)?
• What is the mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure as listed?
• Why is 3D echocardiography particularly useful for surgical planning of the mitral valve?
• Which type of laminar flow assumes uniform velocity across the flow?
• What is the normal interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd)?
• In Doppler echocardiography, what does a lower returning frequency indicate about RBC motion relative to the transducer?
• In Doppler echocardiography, what does a higher returning frequency indicate about RBC motion relative to the transducer?
• Parallel streamlines are disturbed; found at bifurcations.
• In LVOT-based stroke volume measurement, what is the first step?
• Fluttering of the mitral valve is known as which phenomenon?
• Which of the following describes the normal flow pattern in vessels?
• Which sequence accurately describes using the biplane Simpson method to calculate LV end-diastolic volume in 2D transthoracic echocardiography?
• In plug flow, velocity distribution across cross-section is
• For strain analysis, which imaging parameter is essential to optimize?
• End-suboptimal endocardial definition; what step is reasonable?
• Which statement about color flow mapping is true?
• What is the formula for the Doppler frequency shift in ultrasound?
• CW Doppler range limitations are described by which term?
• Hammocking of the anterior mitral leaflet in systole is associated with which phenomenon?
• Which components are used to evaluate a suspected paravalvular leak around a prosthetic heart valve by echocardiography?
• Which quantity can be obtained by converting mean velocity into a pressure-related value?
• The normal LV end-diastolic dimension (LVidd) lies in which range?
• Explain the PISA method for quantifying mitral regurgitation.
• Which parameter represents the highest velocity point in flow measurements?
• What is the normal range for the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
• The study of the physical principles governing blood flow and circulation is called?
• Which color would you typically see for normal flow away from the transducer?
• Which of the following is a sign of right ventricular dysfunction?
• The mean velocity converts into the ______.
• Which DE excursion value is outside the normal range?
• What is the typical normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction by 2D echocardiography?
• Define vena contracta and its role in grading MR severity.
• Which of the following is an indication for transesophageal echocardiography?
• Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to pharmacologic stress echocardiography?
• TAPSE is used to assess which aspect of right heart function?
• How does 3D echocardiography improve LV volume and EF assessment compared with the 2D Simpson method?
• Change in velocity profile when exiting a vessel of reduced diameter (increase in area=decrease in velocity).
• Which color coding reflects flow away from the transducer in the aortic valve mapping?
• Resistance to flow is determined by _____, _____, and _____.
• A left atrial dilation (LAE) is identified by which finding?
• What is the normal EPSS range?
• What is the normal left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVIDs)?
• The change in frequency when sound is reflected by moving objects is called ______
• In Doppler analysis, mean velocity is used to estimate which of the following measures?
• What is systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve and how does it cause dynamic LVOT obstruction?
• In the PV view, what color indicates flow toward the transducer?
• What are the typical EROA thresholds used to grade aortic regurgitation severity by PISA?
• The normal diastolic LV dimension is within which range?
• Define global longitudinal strain (GLS) and its typical normal range.
• Which color denotes flow away from the transducer in the pulmonary artery view?
• How does stress echocardiography aid in diagnosing myocardial ischemia?
• What diagnostic technique uses sound waves reflected off red blood cells to measure blood flow velocity and direction, typically displayed as a time-velocity graph?
• What is a foreshortened apical window, and why does it bias LV function assessment?
• Which Doppler technique avoids aliasing by sampling along the entire beam?
• What echocardiographic finding suggests increased right-sided pressures with consequent septal position changes?
• The E/e' ratio is used to estimate which physiologic parameter?
• The maximum Doppler shift is 2 m/s and equals one-half of the pulse repetition frequency. What is this limit called?
• Which statement best describes a high-velocity jet due to valve stenosis on Doppler?
• How is mitral valve area estimated by the pressure half-time method?
• How is LV mass calculated in 2D echocardiography?
• In color Doppler, if a regurgitant jet travels toward the transducer in the PV view, which color would you expect to see?
• What is the normal range for the E-F slope?
• What are the normal right ventricular pressures in systole and diastole?
• MV/TV opens at the ______ and closes at the _____
• In color Doppler imaging, high velocity toward flow often appears as which hue?
• How is stroke volume calculated using the LVOT method?
• Abnormal wave form for MV/TV stenosis on Doppler typically shows which feature?
• What is the normal diastolic pressure of the pulmonary artery?
• Abnormal wave form for MV/TV regurgitation would most likely present as which pattern?
• QRS indicates ______
• Which statement best describes TAPSE measurement?
• Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM) of the mitral valve is most commonly associated with which condition?
• A measure of a medium's resistance to acceleration; greater mass yields resistance.